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1 underground workings
- underground workings
- n
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > underground workings
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2 underground workings
English-Russian dictionary of geology > underground workings
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3 underground workings
1) Общая лексика: подземные горные выработки2) Геология: подземные выработки -
4 underground workings
< min> ■ Grubengebäude n -
5 underground workings
nMINE laboreo subterráneo m, trabajo subterráneo m -
6 underground workings
radovi pod zemljom; podzemne radnje; -
7 underground workings
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8 underground workings
подземная разработка, работа под землей -
9 underground
1 adjGEN subterráneo2 n (BrE) (cf subway AmE )RAIL, TRANSP ferrocarril subterráneo m, subterráneo m -
10 underground mining workings
Горное дело: подземные горные выработкиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > underground mining workings
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11 underground mining workings
English-Russian mining dictionary > underground mining workings
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12 Buddle, John
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 15 November 1773 Kyloe, Northumberland, Englandd. 10 October 1843 Wallsend, Northumberland, England[br]English colliery inspector, manager and agent.[br]Buddle was educated by his father, a former schoolteacher who was from 1781 the first inspector and manager of the new Wallsend colliery. When his father died in 1806, John Buddle assumed full responsibility at the Wallsend colliery, and he remained as inspector and manager there until 1819, when he was appointed as colliery agent to the third Marquis of Londonderry. In this position, besides managing colliery business, he acted as an entrepreneur, gaining political influence and organizing colliery owners into fixing prices; Buddle and Londonderry were also responsible for the building of Seaham harbour. Buddle became known as the "King of the Coal Trade", gaining influence throughout the important Northumberland and Durham coalfield.Buddle's principal contribution to mining technology was with regard to the improvement of both safety standards and productivity. In 1807 he introduced a steam-driven air pump which extracted air from the top of the upcast shaft. Two years later, he drew up plans which divided the coalface into compartments; this enabled nearly the whole seam to be exploited. The system of compound ventilation greatly reduced the danger of explosions: the incoming air was divided into two currents, and since each current passed through only half the underground area, the air was less heavily contaminated with gas.In 1813 Buddle presented an important paper on his method for mine ventilation to the Sunderland Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal-mines, which had been established in that year following a major colliery explosion. He emphasized the need for satisfactory underground lighting, which influenced the development of safety-lamps, and assisted actively in the experiments with Humphrey Davy's lamp which he was one of the first mine managers to introduce. Another mine accident, a sudden flood, prompted him to maintain a systematic record of mine-workings which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the Mining Record Office.[br]Bibliography1838, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland 11, pp. 309–36 (Buddle's paper on keeping records of underground workings).Further ReadingR.L.Galloway, 1882, A History of Coalmining in Great Britain, London (deals extensively with Buddle's underground devices).R.W.Sturgess, 1975, Aristocrat in Business: The Third Marquis of Londonderry asCoalowner and Portbuilder, Durham: Durham County Local History Society (concentrates on Buddle's work after 1819).C.E.Hiskey, 1978, John Buddle 1773–1843, Agent and Entrepreneur in the NortheastCoal Trade, unpublished MLitt thesis, Durham University (a very detailed study).WK -
13 working
1. работа, действие || работающий, действующий 2. эксплуатация; разработка 3. pl. горные выработки (объекты, находящиеся на стадии вскрыши или разработки при добыче полезных ископаемых)
bench working разработка уступами; выемка (угля или руды) слоями
bottom-most working наиболее глубокая выработка
caved workings обрушенные выработки
dip working выработка по падению
flat working выработка в пологопадающем пласте
level working горизонтальная выработка
mine working забой
opencast working открытая горная выработка
placer working разработка россыпного месторождения
productive working рабочий забой
shallow workings неглубокие выработки, работы на малой глубине
underground workings подземные выработки
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14 working
- working
- nобработка; работа || действующий, работающий ( о механизме)
working from the light — метод наклейки обоев от светового проёма [окна]
- working of quarries
- cold working
- hot working
- mechanical working
- underground workings
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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15 working
1) работа; действие; движение; операция; эксплуатация2) рабочий (напр. о характеристике, стандарте)•- hot working - metal working* * *обработка; работа || действующий, работающий ( о механизме)- working of quarriesworking from the light — метод наклейки обоев от светового проёма [окна]
- cold working
- hot working
- mechanical working
- underground workings -
16 storing
- storing in mine workings — хранение в подземных горных выработках; storing
in mine works — хранение в подземных горных выработках;
- above-surface storingstoring in underground artificial cavern — подземное хранение в искусственной каверне;
- aquifer underground storing
- drilling mud storing
- explosive storing
- field storing
- gas storing
- high-pressure storing
- liquefied natural gas storing
- liquefied petroleum gas storing
- liquid oil products storing
- natural gas storing
- oil storing
- oil products storing
- standing oil products storing
- stock tank oil storing
- subsea storing
- subsurface storing
- tankless storing
- underground storing
- underground storing in abandoned mines
- underground storing in artificial caverns
- underground storing in cavern formed by nuclear explosions
- underground storing in depleted fields
- underground storing in depleted gas reservoir
- underground storing in depleted oil reservoir
- underground storing in frozen cavities
- underground storing in salt bed caverns
- underground tankless storing
- underwater storing* * * -
17 разработка
жен.
1) working (out/up) (вопроса, проекта) ;
elaboration( детальная) ;
development
2) с.-х. tillage;
cultivation
3) минер. exploitation;
working, pit;
field;
extraction хищническая разработка недр ≈ разг. coyoting шахтовая разработка ≈ shaft mining
4) мн.;
минер. mine workings (место добычи ископаемых) ;
open-cast mines, cut mines ( открытые) ;
underground mines (подземные)разработк|а - ж.
1. (вопроса и т. п.) working out, elaboration;
2. (полезных ископаемых) mining, extraction;
~ апатитов mining of apatites;
3. (способ добычи) mining;
открытая ~ open-cast mining;
4. обыкн. мн. (место добычи) fields, workings;
торфяные ~и peat workings;
5. научно-техническая ~ research and development project;
6. ~ проекта development of a project.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > разработка
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18 Gilbert, John
[br]b. 1724 Cotton Hall, Cotton, Staffordshire, Englandd. 3 August 1795 Worsley, Lancashire, England[br]English land agent, mining engineer and canal entrepreneur.[br]Younger son of a gentleman farmer, Gilbert was apprenticed to Matthew Boulton, a buckle maker of Birmingham and father of the Matthew Boulton who was associated with James Watt. He also gained mining experience. Through the influence of his older brother, Thomas Gilbert, he became Land Agent to the Duke of Bridgewater (Francis Egerton) for the Worsley estate. He proposed extensions to the underground waterway system and also made a preliminary survey for a canal from Worsley to Salford, a project which Brindley joined as Assistant Engineer. Gilbert was therefore the prime mover in the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, which received its Act in 1759. He then collected evidence for the second Act to permit construction of the aqueduct across the Irwell at Barton. He was involved in a consortium with his brother Thomas and Earl Gower to develop the Earl's East Shropshire mines and to build the Shrewsbury and the Shropshire Coal Canals. He also excavated the Speedwell Mine at Castleton in Derbyshire between 1774 and 1781 and constructed the underground canal to serve the workings. With his brother, he was involved in the promotion of the Trent \& Mersey Canal and was a shareholder in the undertaking. Among his other entrepreneurial activities, he entered the canal-carrying business. His last work was beginning the underground inclined planes at Worsley, but these were not completed until after his death. His important place in the historical development of the inland navigational system in England has been very much overlooked.[br]Further ReadingP.Lead, 1990, Agents of Revolution: John and Thomas Gilbert-Entrepreneurs, Keele University Centre for Local History.JHB -
19 working
1) работа2) действие; функционирование3) обработка4) разработка5) горн. выработка•-
cold working
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development working
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drainage working
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electrochemical working
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field working
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first workings
- glass flame working -
hot working
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in-seam working
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mine working
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open working
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permanent working
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plastic working
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point working
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route working
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second working
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shuttle working
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signal working
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temporary working
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traffic working
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train working
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trombone working
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underground working -
20 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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